ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Unit 1: Levels of Organization

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 2: Chemical Basis for Life

Chapter 3: Cells

Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism

Chapter 5: Tissues

Chapter 1 Learning Outcomes

1.1	Introduction
1.	Describe the early studies into the workings of the body. (p. 3)
1.2	Anatomy and Physiology
2.	Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are related. (p. 3)
1.3	Characteristics of Life
3.	List and describe the major characteristics of life. (p. 4)
4.	Define and give examples of metabolism. (p. 4)
1.4	Maintenance of Life
5.	List and describe the major requirements of organisms. (p. 5)
6.	Define homeostasis, and explain its importance to survival. (p. 5)
7.	Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together. (p. 6)

1.5

Levels of Organization

8

List the biological levels of organization and the characteristics of each (p. 7)

1.6

Organization of the Human Body

9.

Describe the locations of the major body cavities. (p. 8)

10.

List the organs located in each major body cavity. (p. 9)

11.

Name the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. (p. 10)

12.

Name the major organ systems, and list the organs associated with each. (p. 12)

13.

Describe the general functions of each organ system. (p. 12)

1.7

Anatomical Terminology

14.

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions. (p. 14)

Chapter 2 Learning Outcomes

2.1	Introduction
1.	Give examples of how the study of living material depends on the study of chemistry. (p. 31)
2.2	Structure of Matter
2.	Describe how atomic structure determines how atoms interact. (p. 32)
3.	Describe the relationships between atoms and molecules. (p. 36)
4.	Explain how molecular and structural formulas symbolize the composition of compounds. (p. 36)
5.	Describe three types of chemical reactions. (p. 36)
6.	Explain what acids, bases, and buffers are. (p. 37)
7.	Define pH. (p. 37)
2.3	Chemical Constituents of Cells
8.	List the major groups of inorganic chemicals common in cells. (p. 37)
9.	Describe the functions of various types of organic chemicals in cells. (p. 39)

Chapter 3 Learning Outcomes

3.1	Introduction
1.	Define what a cell is. (p. 49)
2.	Explain how cells differ from one another. (p. 49)
3.2	Composite Cell
3.	Explain how the structure of a cell membrane makes possible its functions. (p. 49)
4.	Describe each type of organelle, and explain its function. (p. 53)
5.	Describe the parts of the cell nucleus and their functions. (p. 56)
3.3	Movements Through Cell Membranes
6.	Compare and contrast various ways that substances move through cell membranes. (p. 58)
3.4	The Cell Cycle
7.	Describe the parts of the cell cycle and identify the major activities during each part. (p. 64)
8.	Explain why regulation of the cell cycle is important to health. (p. 67)
9.	Define differentiation. (p. 67)
10.	Distinguish between a stem cell and a progenitor cell. (p. 67)

Chapter 4 Learning Outcomes

4.1	Introduction
1.	Briefly explain the role of metabolism. (p. 74)
4.2	Metabolic Reactions
2.	Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism. (p. 74)
4.3	Control of Metabolic Reactions
3.	Describe how enzymes control metabolic reactions. (p. 75)
4.	List the basic steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. (p. 75)
4.4	Energy for Metabolic Reactions
5.	Explain how cellular respiration releases chemical energy. (p. 76)
6.	Describe how energy in the form of ATP becomes available for cellular activities. (p. 77)
4.5	Metabolic Pathways
7.	Describe the general metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. (p. 79)
4.6	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
8.	Explain how DNA carries genetic information. (p. 79)
9.	Define gene and genome. (p. 79)
4.7	Protein Synthesis
10.	Define genetic code. (p. 81)
11	Describe the steps of protein synthesis. (p. 81)
4.8	DNA Replication
12.	Describe how DNA molecules replicate. (p. 86)

Chapter 5 Learning Outcomes

5.1	Introduction
1.	List the four major tissue types, and tell where each is located in the body. (p. 92)
5.2	Epithelial Tissues
2.	Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues. (p. 92)
3.	Name the types of epithelium, and for each type, identify an organ in which that type is found. (p. 93)
4.	Explain how glands are classified. (p. 97)
5.3	Connective Tissues
5.	Compare and contrast the general cellular components, structures, fibers, and extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue. (p. 98
6.	Explain the major functions of each type of connective tissue. (p. 99)
5.4	Muscle Tissues
7.	Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues. (p. 105)
5.5	Nervous Tissues
9.	Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues. (p. 107)